Complete Feed Production With Integration of Energy Plantations and Community Empowerment

Feed and markets are the two most important things in the world of livestock. Farmers who are able to get safe, nutritious, affordable, adequate and sustainable feed will produce the best quality and quantity. One of the safe categories is not GMO. For more details, you can read it here. It is possible to make these feeds yourself by utilizing the local potential. The expertise to provide feed is of course very important for professional farms. Likewise, broad market access allows the livestock business to be increasingly profitable. The current era of the internet is also very supportive of gaining such broad market access. Social media such as whatsapp groups, telegram, twitter, youtube and so on can be used for this.

To get complete nutrition so that it becomes a complete feed, of course, cannot be obtained from just one source. Malnutrition which results in decreased quality and livestock production will inevitably occur, if the feed nutrition is inadequate. It is possible that the development of an energy plantation or a biomass plantation with leguminoceae plants such as gliricidia and red calliandra is very likely to be integrated with the livestock business. Sheep, goat and cow farms are the best choices for this farming business. It is also hoped that later progress in the renewable energy sector from energy or biomaterial plantations will be in line with the livestock business. While glicidia leaves or calliandra have the main content in the form of protein which can reach 25%, other sources of nutrients such as sources of fiber, vitamins and minerals can be obtained from the environment around the plantation. Communities around the plantation area can be empowered to plant these nutritional complementary crops or take advantage of their various agricultural wastes such as straw, grass and so on. 

The leaves of gliricidia or calliandra as a source of feed are estimated to be a maximum of 30% of the complete feed. With leaf productivity per hectare of around 30 tonnes / wet year or 18 tonnes / dry year. This means that for every 1000 hectares of gliricidia plantation will produce 18,000 tons / year of dry leaves. If a goat / sheep eats 3 kg / day (30% of the total consumption of complete feed), it means that for 1 year 1 sheep / goat consumes about 1 ton of dry leaves or with a volume of 18,000 tons / year means that it can be sufficient for 18,000 sheep / goats for 1 year.

The animal feed innovation must also be carried out so that the conversion of feed to meat product, milk or breed is high, even the feed formulation should be adjusted to the age level of the livestock. Researches to obtain varied feed formulations or recipes, especially those that are adaptive to local potential, are very important. This includes identifying and developing as many feed sources as possible. The more identified feed sources and feed formulations, it is hoped that the livestock business will grow rapidly. Case studies on gliricidia and calliandra leaves have several anti-nutritional substances, so these substances must also be reduced or even completely eliminated so that the feed nutrients are absorbed effectively. Anti-nutritional substances in gliricidia are dicoumerol, HCN (cyanide acid) and nitrates, while red calliandra is an anti-nutritional substance of tannins. 

Production of Gliricidia Leaf Pellets as a Non-GMO and Sustainable Animal Feed Solution

Food is a top priority compared to feed and energy. This has a consequence of adequate food for humans before animal feed and energy. When food and energy are prioritized over food, there will be various social unrest. The tortilla riots in Mexico some time ago are an example of how energy is prioritized over food, namely corn is prioritized for bioethanol. Likewise, if feed is prioritized so that food supplies will be disrupted. Soybeans, for example, are a source of food but also a source of feed. The largest soybean production from the United States and Brazil. In a number of countries soybeans are a source of food and feed because the oil is extracted into soybean oil and the meal becomes animal feed, but in Indonesia, soybeans are mainly used for food. Vegetable oil in Indonesia is mainly from palm oil and coconut oil. Even in its history, Indonesian coconut oil was destroyed by the American Soybean Association (ASA) with the negative issue that propagated coconut oil as bad oil on the international vegetable oil market, so that until now coconut oil has not revived.

Indonesian animal feed production also mostly relies on protein sources from soybean and palm oil meal. In fact, because of the great need, it also imports soybean meal (SBM). The more developed the livestock industry, the greater the need for feed. Feed in the livestock industry is one of the key components to its success. Adequacy of feed with good nutrition, safe and affordable is very important for livestock business. As the largest palm oil producer in the world, which ranges from 40 million tonnes / year, the production of palm kernel cake is estimated at more than 6.5 million tonnes / year, if all of these palm kernel cakes are optimized for the domestic feed industry, it would be very good. Likewise coconut cake.

Gliricidia leaves are also a source of protein for animal feed, especially ruminants and fisheries. With a protein content of about 20%, gliricidia leaves are very potential as a source of this protein. Moreover, the programs of the feed industry associations are reducing or even eliminating dependence on transgenic raw materials (GMO) such as soybeans and environmental factors in the form of sustainability. With the program of making energy plantationsor biomass plantations which are also increasingly massive for various industries based on renewable and sustainable materials, the production of leaves as a side waste is also increasing. The potential for leaf waste, which is estimated to reach hundreds of thousands of tons, even millions of tons, will be very potential for animal feed, especially reducing feed derived from GMO materials. Environmentally productive efforts like this to meet human needs will further encourage bioeconomics. Halal meat is a very important source of protein for human food, so animal feed production is an integral part of the chain.

The growth rate of the feed industry also varies from country to country. This depends on a number of factors such as a country's food policy, people's purchasing power, availability of raw materials and so on. For example: for countries in Europe, about 20 years ago the average capacity of feed mills in Italy was 11,000 tons / year, while the animal feed industry in the Netherlands has an average capacity of 45,000 tons / year or more than 4 times the feed industry in Italy and has also exceeded the European average capacity today. Currently, the average feed mill in Italy has an average capacity of 29,000 tonnes / year (still about 3 times that of 20 years ago), but at the same time feed mills in the Netherlands already have an average capacity of 140,000 tonnes / year. The majority of animal feed production in the Netherlands is for pig feed, so it would not be suitable for conditions in Indonesia. With majority of Islam in Indonesia, the production of animal feed developed as a top priority is for the halal industry. Based on the potential for raw materials, the potential for land for animal feed production and so on, Indonesia should accelerate its halal industry, one of which is by boosting its animal feed industry. The Netherlands, with its small population and limited land area, is even very strong in developing its research to support the feed industry. We also don't want to lose.

Gliricidia Leaf Feed Pellets Factory to Optimize Biomass / Energy Plantations and Increase National Meat Production

The availability of feed is very important to support and sustain the livestock business. Easy, abundant and cheap feed is important to be pursued. Feed is also the highest cost component in livestock farming, as is fertilizer for a number of plantations and farms. The effort to get a continuous supply of quality feed is an absolute prerequisite for the success of a livestock business. The supply of domestic meat, which is still mostly imported, is certainly not encouraging. For this reason, the national meat production program to self-sufficiency in meat must be encouraged. The scarcity of meat availability, which has driven higher prices, makes it easy for cheap haram meat to enter the market, especially since there is weak supervision and light sanctions for suppliers of this haram meat. As a country with the largest Muslim majority and meat is an important food element in the form of protein, the development of animal husbandry must also be in sync with these conditions. Farms that are made and become the main priority are livestock that support the halal industry. 

Gliricidia leaves, which are waste from energy  or biomass plantations, are a potential source of high nutritious food. The increasing projection of energy or biomass plantation development should also be in line with the utilization of the leaf waste for animal feed. The content of gliricidia leaves which are rich in protein is an important source of nutrition for livestock, especially ruminants such as sheep, goats and cows, so that it needs to be developed and utilized optimally. By utilizing these leaves, all parts of the tree from the energy or biomass plantations can be optimized. Making pellets from these leaves (feed pellets) will also facilitate storage, save transportation, last longer and make it easier to use as animal feed.

Muslims who carry out the Qurban worship every year will need a large supply of livestock in the form of sheep, goats and cows. In addition, during Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr, there is also a surge in demand for this meat, and it is often found that haram meat such as pork and dog is mixed with the meat above. And when a child is born, a Muslim family is also required to do aqiqah by slaughtering 1 or 2 sheep or goats. Apart from that, basically the supply of meat for daily needs is still minus. These things should be the motivation for the development of a livestock business.

World Animal Feed Production Approximately 1 billion tonnes / year and Potential Gliricidia Leaf Feed Pellets

World animal feed production is currently estimated at 1 billion tonnes per year. As a chain to fulfill human food needs, especially meat, animal feed production is very important and strategic. The major countries for producing world animal feed, namely China with a share of 19.6%, followed by a number of countries, namely America with 17.4%, Brazil 6.8%, then countries such as Mexico, Spain, India, Russia, Japan and Germany as well. are major producers of animal feed. the rest by countries around the world. Or with a combination of China, the United States, Europe and Brazil, accounting for more than 60% of world animal feed production with almost half of the feed production being poultry feed. It is estimated that there are more than 8,550 feed factories in China with a production of 179 million tons, 6,012 feed factories in America with a production of 173 million tons, 1,556 feed factories in Brazil with a production of 68 million tons. With an estimated human population in 2050 reaching 9.6 billion, it is estimated that the need for feed will be huge.

Meat is an important source of protein for humans. But for Muslims consuming meat does not only depend on the protein content of the meat, but the type of livestock, slaughtering, and processing it until it is ready for consumption must comply with Islamic law. The prohibited livestock animals cannot be farmed or even consumed because the law is haram (prohibited) for Muslims. Based on a country's animal feed production, it can also be seen what kind of livestock and meat they consume. For example, the Netherlands with about 75 feed factories, the production of animal feed reaches 12.2 million tons per year, the distribution of 5 million tons of pig feed, 3.7 million tons of beef and dairy cattle, 3.1 million tons of poultry and 0.4 million tons other livestock. Meanwhile, Turkey recorded animal feed production of 10.5 million tons with a composition of 4.2 million tons of feed for dairy and beef cattle, 4.6 million tons of poultry, and 1.5 million tons of other livestock. While globally the composition is as follows: poultry feed production is ranked first with a portion of 45%, followed by pig feed at 11%, three ruminants 10% and the rest, such as fish, domesticated and horse feed. Indonesia with a majority Muslim population should also prioritize developing a halal-based animal feed industry so that it is in line with Islamic law. Halal issues are an important and fundamental problem for Muslims in matters of food.

Sources of feed, especially its availability, are vital for animal feed production. A number of countries even have to import various raw materials for animal feed. Even in Europe and America leftovers are also used as a source of raw material for animal feed, which is estimated at 60% in Europe and 50% in the United States. Although world animal feed production reaches around 1 billion tonnes every year, basically the world's major feed producers who dominate production are not much. Currently, it is estimated that there are around 31 thousand feed factories worldwide, with a distribution of one thousand in Africa, 13 thousand in Asia, 5 thousand in Europe, 3 thousand in Latin America, 6 thousand in North America and 288 in the Middle East. Charoen Pokphand (CP), a company based in Thailand, is among the top 10 global feed mills with a production of around 27 million tonnes / year. Furthermore, the China-based company New Hope with a production of 20 million tons / year, then the American company Cargill ranks third with 19.2 million tons, followed by another American company, namely Purina Animal Nutrition with 12 million tons. Other large companies, BRF (Brazil) 11 million tons / year, Tyson Foods (USA) 10.3 million tons / year, COFCO (China) 8.3 million tons / year, Ja Zen-Noh (Japan) 7, 5 million tons / year, Shaungbaotai Group (China) 6.6 million tons / year, and Wen's Food group (China) 6.5 million tons / year.

The era of bioeconomy, which is getting closer and closer, is increasingly encouraging the use of renewable materials for various human activities such as energy, packaging, clothing and so on. The demand for sustainability is an obligation for various industries in this era, including the animal feed industry. A number of locations in Indonesia have created and launched energy plantations to welcome and be in line with the bioeconomy era. Energy or biomass plantations with the main focus on wood utilization, but have not yet utilized the potential of leaves as a by-product of these plantations. Gliricidia is a plant species that is widely used because it is a fast growing and short rotation coppice crop so that in addition to the fast harvest time there is also no need to replant until a certain time. Gliricidia leaves have high nutrition, no less protein content than palm oil cake, soy bean meal and so on, so they have the potential for animal feed production, especially feed pellets. A number of studies mention the use of gliricidia leaves as animal feed for ruminants or fish, but it is not suitable for the type of poultry.

The availability of safe, quality and affordable feed will encourage intensive livestock business. Currently, we still encounter a number of livestock that are fed in the form of municipal waste in landfills, which of course the resulting meat is not suitable for human consumption. The feed factory also indirectly encourages the improvement of food quality from meat and milk produced from livestock business. Tens of thousands and even hundreds of thousands of hectares of gliricidia plantations will produce abundant leaf waste that can be used as raw material for these feed pellets. Typical feed mill capacity is also proportional to the capacity of the farm or its consumers and also the availability of raw materials, for example in Turkey about 60% of feed mills with a capacity of less than 10 tons / hour, about 25% capacity 11-20 tons / hour and the rest with more capacity. of 20 tons / hour. In the end, it is hoped that with the advancement of livestock, it will be easier and more affordable to get halal meat, improve the quality of food and can be reduced and even eliminated the circulation of haram meat on the market.

Integration of Farm with Biomass Plantation or Energy Plantation

The long and expensive social costs for the production of hardwoods such as teak which require a minimum of 15 years make Perhutani company replace them with fast-rotating plants such as gliricidia. As for private companies, the main reason for growing fast-rotation species is mainly profit. Commodities that provide quick returns, with minimal risk. Short harvest time of wood which is only around 2-3 years and can be repetitive (coppice) repeatedly without the need to replanting is the advantage of these plants. Planting and caring for the tree is also very easy. The price of wood that is only worth the waste wood or firewood also mitigates the social cost of securing wood theft. The use of wood as a source of biomass or raw materials in the wood processing industry such as the manufacture of particle boards or as an energy source for example by processing it into wood pellets and wood briquettes. Hundreds of thousands of hectares have been planned for the planting and will take several years to come.

In addition to the main product namely wood, there are actually two products from the tree that can be utilized namely flowers and leaves (whole tree utilization). Flowers for beekeeping or production of honey and leaves for animal feed or meat production. Sheep, goat and cattle farms can be developed close to the plantation so that they are close to feed sources. Although the protein content in gliricidia leaves ranges from 18-24% or high enough for animal feed in general, so it is very good for animal feed, because concentrated feed usually only contains about 15% protein, but to get a balanced feed is still needed a number of other nutrients . Other complementary nutritional needs can be obtained from the surrounding community by collaborating through community empowerment. Nutrients needed for animal feed to become complete feed are complete sources of fiber, sources of protein, vitamins and minerals. Gliricidia leaves with 18-24% protein content as a source of protein, while grass or straw as a source of fiber and added vitamins and minerals.

Grazing
To produce superior livestock products, livestock grazing is the solution. With grazing, livestock will be healthier and feed costs can be cheaper because grass can be directly obtained. With an area of biomass or energy plantations that reaches tens to hundreds of thousands hectares, then allocating several tens or hundred hectares is certainly not difficult. The area can be used for pasture herds. Certain grasses can be planted as a source of food in the pasture. Sheep and cattle can even be farmed and herded in the same pasture field. Rotational grazing is a shepherding technique that can be applied because it is more effective and efficient than conventional grazing.

Single Grazing

 

Mixed Grazing

Feed Factory
With the composition of gliricidia leaves produced from each tree reaching around 30% and an average of 10,000 trees per hectare planted, the number of leaves produced from biomass or energy plantations is huge and excessive for consumption on farms. Then it also has the potential to create animal feed factory. The livestock feed produced can then supply feed to a number of farms in various regions so that the livestock business is growing and self-sufficiency in meat is easily achieved. Meat imports that reach tens or even hundreds of thousands tons should be avoided and sufficient from domestic livestock businesses.

The main problems of livestock are feed and markets. When the feed problem has been resolved it means 50% of the problem has been solved. As for starting a business, the first thing to note is the market or the buyer. If the products produced from the business that we do have no market or buyer, then the business will lose money and go out of business. The potential lack of meat in the country can become a large market potential and export market. Regarding sheep and goats, In Indonesia indeed a number of regions prefer goats such as Jakarta, Central Java and East Java while other regions prefer sheep like Yogyakarta. This should also be a concern regarding the target market.